The Impact of Reality Tv on the Teenagers - 1732 Words

The Impact Of Reality TV on the Teenagers in Mumbai Nimish Satpute St. Andrews College Instructors : Prof. Meenakshi Kamat : Prof. Jenny Benoy Abstract Reality-based television programming has become a dominant force in television over the past seven years and a staple of most networks’ primetime lineups. This relatively quick change in the television landscape and the sudden increase in viewers’ consumption of reality television necessitate an investigation into the impact these shows are having on their viewers. This proposal attempts to explore and understand the opinion of the students, particularly teenagers regarding their consumption patterns of reality†¦show more content†¦Even though the star quotient is important as it attracts viewers instantly, reality shows keep viewers glued to TV monitor even when the presence of stars is less relevant. These programmes are bound to have positive or negative impact on society. Thus it is of great importance that the impact of reality shows on teenagers is assessed. Objectives The main objective of the study is to identify the various types of television programmes watched by the teenagers. Understanding the reason of watching such various reality shows and study the impact of these reality shows on the teenagers. Hypothesis It is assumed that regular teen viewers watched because they found it entertaining and that it was enjoyable to watch another’s life as it enhanced their own awareness about themselves. Casually viewers watched because they were bored or because that they enjoyed watching another’s life. And also that there is a majority of negative impact on the teenagers watching these reality TV shows. Literature Review Television effect on influence of social realities (Potter amp; Chang, 1990). Potter and Chang determined that based on their study â€Å"control measures [including age, sex, race, income, education and occupation] were found to be a very important factor in determining the cultivation effects† They conclude noting that the type of television program predicts cultivation moreShow MoreRelatedReality Tv Is A Good Source Of Education1599 Words   |  7 PagesI. INTRODUCTION: There are reality TV shows for everything. There are reality shows for surviving Reality TV does not depict real life struggles accurately. They do not show the daily struggle of some issues that families, adults, and teenagers have. If people say reality TV is a good source of education, why are there still teens getting pregnant today? If teens are still getting pregnant, it shows how little they care of the outcomes of unprotected sex. Especially when it comes to teens that areRead MoreTelevision And Its Influence On Our Culture985 Words   |  4 Pageswhat is currently popular within our culture, however many television shows can create new trends in fashion, behavior, and emotions. One reflection of culture that TV depicts is, Physical beauty and sex appeal. These are often shown in popular television shows, geared mostly towards a target audience of teenagers. â€Å"Many reality shows depict women idealizing beauty and thinness, giving the impression that a woman’s value is based on her appearance, and that popularity is derived from beauty.† PeekRead MoreWhy Is Supernatural Popular On The Teenage Group?1150 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone knows about supernatural and teenagers nowadays are so interested in it. The reasons supernatural is popular in teenage group are because of their dependency on technology, their minds of self and their future that they are getting closer to. Teenagers who are interested in supernatural are also affected by it and are changed their mind to their society. People are now living in a high- tech society. Everyone uses technology on regular basis. Especially teenagers nowadays, who are deeply influencedRead MoreHunger Games meets Reality971 Words   |  4 Pagesextreme reality game show where teenagers fight to the death. By highlighting some important connections between our worlds, the author shows us that we may be headed to a place very similar to HG universe. These connections are about how tensions are created by the inequality between rich and poor on television, how an external force like the audience drives ratings higher, and how producers do not care about the message they are sending, as long as the audience watches the show. Both reality TV gameRead MoreHigh School Confidential : Notes On Teen Movies1617 Words   |  7 PagesWhile high school in reality is full of surprises and twisty roads, teen television shows and movies are based off a strict set of conventions that allude to other teen films. In David Denby s High School Confidential: Notes on Teen Movies, he describes the typical movie storyline and characters: the blonde, superficial cheerleaders that make up the popular crowd, along with the buff, handsome jocks versus the social outcasts comprised of geeks and freaks. Denby continues to explain the natureRead MoreMass Media1036 Words   |  5 Pagestravelling and anything else that we have to do. A common urban person usually wakes up in the morning checks the tv news or newspaper, goes to work, makes a few phone calls, eats with their family or peers when possible and makes his decisions based on the information that he has either from their co workers, tv news, friends, family, financial re ports, etc. we need to be conscious of the reality that most of our decisions, beliefs and values are based on what we know for a fact, our assumptions and ourRead MoreBad Statistics and Deception in the Media988 Words   |  4 Pagesof geology majors at the University of North Carolina could have been avoided if the statistics were displayed using the median salary instead of the mean salary. Deception in the Media The video Charlie Brookers Screenwipe Reality-TV Editing demonstrates how reality in film or video can be skewed to deliver different messages to the viewer through cleaver editing of the material. I believe that television is easily the most deceptive medium when you take into account the constant bombardmentRead MoreReality Televisions Influence on Society794 Words   |  3 PagesReality television tries to disguise what is really going on in the television shows. The actors and producers shine a false spotlight on â€Å"reality†. â€Å"Reality television is defined as a ‘TV show observing real-life situation: television programs often deliberately manufactured situations, and that monitor their emotions and behavior’† (Paredes 26). Reality television is a bad influence on our society today due to the popularity, decision making, and misconduct of the individuals shown. People in today’sRead MoreTelevision And Its Effects On Children1673 Words   |  7 Pageschildren are more inclined to act out violence they see on TV, and become generally violent towards their peers† (p. 42). The article clearly stated that children get hooked to what they see; the more they have been watching violent scenes, they more likely they care to want to experiment in real life. The impact of TV violence can be affected by kid’s curiosity; they want to practice what they see in real life. Sometime they confuse that with reality and they forget that killing someone is permanent. Read MoreReality Shows : Helping Or Hurting Teenage Girls?1370 Words   |  6 PagesPrincess Leia Youmans English 122 Sather February 25, 2017 Reality Shows: Helping or Hurting Teenage Girls?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While teenage pregnancy has been on the rise in America since the 1950’s, researchers have been trying to look for an ideal solution that will help solve the problem by declining teenage birth rates. Perhaps there is a potential solution after all. What could this solution possibly be? Well, it might be as simple as the reality shows â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom† on the MTV network

The United States And The Civil Rights Movement - 903 Words

Beginning in the 1960’s the growing strength of the civil rights movement struck the attention of political figures that influenced calls to reform the U.S. immigration policy. In the 1920’s immigration was based on the national-origins quota system. The system assigned each nationality a quota, which restricted immigration on the basis of existing proportions of the population due to its representation in past U.S. census figures. The goal of the quota system was to maintain the existing ethnic composition of the United States. However, the Civil Rights Movement’s focus on equal treatment regardless of race or ethnicity led to many to view the system as discrimination. Many politicians agreed with the unethical dilemma and on July 23, 1963 President John F. Kennedy addressed the system in his message to congress as having â€Å"no basis in either logic nor reason.† It neither satisfies a national need nor accomplishes an international purpose. In an age o f interdependence among nations, such a system is an anachronism for it discriminates among applicants for admission into the United States on the basis of the accident of birth. (Kennedy, John F., Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1964, pp. 594-597.) The support for change grew when foreign policy began to show concern. After Kennedy’s assassination that November, congress eventually passed the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 which replaced theShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil rights movement in the USA in the 1950’s and 1960’s.can be termed as a democratic movement. The basic reason behind this was the discrimination of the African-Americans that were enslaved and did not have citizen rights. The African-Americans protested greatly against their injustice. The birth of the civil rights movement was before the 1954 Supreme Court’s decision on Brown versus Board of Education (Topeka) which stated that separate but equal schools was against the Constitution. FromRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement in the United States1401 Words   |  6 PagesSocial movements are one of the primary means through which the public is able to collectively express their concerns about the rights and wellbeing of themsel ves and others. Under the proper conditions, social movements not only shed light on issues and open large scale public discourse, but they can also serve as a means of eliciting expedited societal change and progress. Due to their potential impact, studying the characteristics of both failed and successful social movements is important inRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States1157 Words   |  5 PagesAnd by virtue of the power and for the purpose of the aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.† (CITE TEXT) It took just over 100 years for African-Americans to achieve the dream that Abraham Lincoln envisioned nearly a centuryRead MoreThe United States And The Civil Rights Movement1727 Wo rds   |  7 Pagesdistinctions. An example of this in the United States was the Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s through the 1960s. African Americans fought to assert their full rights as Americans. Women fought to be able to stand next to a man in any profession and receive equal pay and respect. Now, since the late 1960s it is the homosexuals who still struggle for their equal rights. The homosexuals movement is a civil rights movement that advocates for equivalent and social rights for the lesbian, gay, bisexual,Read MoreThe United States Of The Civil Rights Movement1803 Words   |  8 Pagesmany wars in the United States of America occurring. After World War two things began to change. The Soviet Union and United States of America had many differences. Even the world after World War Two was very different than before. A doctrine of containment was developed and programs began to be put in place due to this doctrine. There was also a Cold War and there were many importa nt causes that lead to this war. The United States also had a lot going on because of the Civil-rights revolution. ThisRead MoreThe United States And The Civil Right Movement1594 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States more than two million people are incarcerated and seven million are under correctional supervision. There are 13 million adults that have been convicted of a felony and 47 million American have something on their record. Having a felony has attained a newfound relevance in the United States (King, 2006) . In many states begin a felon come with obstacles both informal and formal in the lives of people with a felony convicted. In the midst of the growing civil right movement, theRead MoreThe Civil Right Movement Of The United States1712 Words   |  7 Pageswere only a climax of the protests and civil movements during the time period. Not only segregation, racial inequality has also existed for hundreds of years- it is only during these specific years that the conflic t and involvement of citizens across the country peaked through the use of protests as well as the influential people that led them. While influential leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. led the Civil Right Movement, segregation in the United States continued to affect the daily life ofRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States3431 Words   |  14 PagesThe civil rights movement began to influence view about people with disabilities. Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954, the US supreme court ruled that it was unlawful under the fourteenth amendment to discriminate subjectively against any group of people. The court applied this to the education of children. Soon people with disabilities were acknowledged as another group whose rights had often been dishonored because of discrimination. Pennsylvania Assoc for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth (1972)Read MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States1914 Words   |  8 Pagescollective systems meant to dictate ho w the masses who believe in and follow them, live and act. Each institution has its own collective set of rules, often times mostly unspoken, to guide what others in the institution should be doing in terms of right and wrong. But these rules are never fixed and may fluctuate with changes in leadership or environment among other things. The fluctuations of these rules mean that they must often be tested by people more on the fringe of the institution in orderRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States Of America2015 Words   |  9 PagesUntil the 19th century, no abortion laws existed in the United States of America. By the 1880s, most states had banned abortion except in cases where it was necessary to save the mother’s life. The cause of this shift in attitude can largely be attributed to the American Medical Association, founded in 1847. The organization wanted to stop unlicensed abortions by forcing the people giving them out of business. Religious leader s supported the American Medical Association’s move and worked with

Challenges for Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Question: Discuss the challenges for tourism and hospitality industry. Answer: Part Culture has socially accepted the behavior of all the social classes. It defines the role and the behaviour of members at the workplace highlights the importance of social status and social goals, which every class needs to attain. It defines the appropriate attitude according to the social norms. Cultural diversity is an integral aspect for companies in the tourism and hospitality sector as they function in the international arena and workplace will include people from a different culture (Yvette, 2012). The management of personnel regarding cultural diversity is critical as the relationship between clients and employees depend heavily on the management of cultural diversity. Failure to do so may result in an adverse relationship between clients and employees. It might lead to low level of satisfaction among customers and may cause irritation among employees. (Yvette, 2012). The tourism and hospitality industry is customer orientated and made for and by the people. Therefore catering to the needs of the customers and understanding the cultural differences between different individuals is a must. The success of any organisation in this sector lies in understanding the diversity in culture and realising that such diversity is a gift to the organisation (Yvette, 2012). The markets in tourism and hospitality sector flaunt the diversity of different culture. The international clients belong to different cultures. Therefore, it is important to under these cultural diversity is the foundation of the organisation. These culturally diversified individuals constitute the rich pool of client base and thus it is integral to understand and adapt to the needs and requirements of different cultures and adapt to the different language requirements beside English (Yvette, 2012). Part B Theresa. L Guido. S (2012). Cross-Cultural Interaction between tourists and a destination's residents in Andalusia, Spain. Advancement in Hospitality and Tourism and Marketing Management 23(2) , 58-70 The article stresses the importance of tourism and the impact it has on both the tourists and the host nation. It stresses on the fact that tourism not only fosters effective understanding of cultures but also brings about a global harmony and understanding. The journal article aims at not only establishing the cross-cultural interaction initiated by tourism in Andalusia but also highlights the local's perception and contribution towards tourism. Factors that motivate the tourists to travel and tour a place frequently are explained and the behaviour of Germans tourists to the destination place is highlighted. The research article stresses on the need of a destination spot where tourists could meet and interact with locals, which could foster better cultural understanding and also highlight the positive picture of the country. It stresses on the development of tourism in Andalusia in Spain (Theresa Guido. 2012). The article discusses the importance of cross-cultural interaction in tourism and hospitality sectors. The article highlights the factors and the positive impact reflected by cross-cultural interaction imprinted by tourism. It stresses the importance of cultural understanding and cultural diversity in Andalusia and in general overall. However, certain limitations and shortcomings in the cultural interaction are mentioned based on the lack of communication and misunderstanding on the part of the hosts and tourists. It highlights the perception level and the cultural difference to be one of the causes. The article also stresses on the tourist typologies and classifies Germans as friendly and outgoing and interactive class of tourists. The reaction of locals of Andalusia towards tourism is also highlighted. The intercultural interactions and willingness of the locals to interact with tourists were recognised in the research article. The potential problems of the locals in communicating were recognised and a destination point was decided to be developed to initiate and promote cross-cultural interaction. Online survey and questionnaire were required to conduct the research (Theresa Guido, 2012). The research article holds key importance to the essay regarding the cultural conflicts and cross-cultural interactions and the limitations in the process. The research article extensively talks about the potential problems and the factors that cause cultural differences and conflicts. The resource is reliable and conducted through an online survey and questionnaire. The survey clearly outlines the responses of the locals and depicts the attitude of hosts towards guests. Therefore, on careful evaluation and assessment, it can be viewed that the article holds strong correlation with the topic of assessment 2. Reference List Aitchison, C., MacLeod, N. E., Macleod, N. E., Shaw, S. J. (2014).Leisure and tourism landscapes: Social and cultural geographies. Routledge. Briassoulis, H., Van der Straaten, J. (Eds.). (2013).Tourism and the environment: regional, economic, cultural and policy issues(Vol. 6). Springer Science Business Media. Crouch, D. (2013).Leisure/tourism geographies: Practices and geographical knowledge(Vol. 3). Routledge. Figini, P., Vici, L. (2012). Off-season tourists and the cultural offer of a mass-tourism destination: The case of Rimini.Tourism Management,33(4), 825-839. Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. B. (2014). Cross-cultural validation of a memorable tourism experience scale (MTES).Journal of Travel Research,53(3), 323-335. Lozano-Oyola, M., Blancas, F. J., Gonzlez, M., Caballero, R. (2012). Sustainable tourism indicators as planning tools in cultural destinations.Ecological Indicators,18, 659-675.

Listening Assignments For Brooklyn College 2.2 Essays -

Listening Assignments For Brooklyn College 2.2 Brooklyn College Instructor R. Janssen 7/15 Listening Assignment # 1 Organ Fugue in G Minor, J.S. Bach, p109-110 A highness in the pitch is the frequency in the vibrations are getting faster. A second tone is getting introduced, there is an interval between them. This second tone is low, as it gets louder the vibrations increase. It is the same tone in the first part, but the octave changes to low and high and the vibrations increase introducing other tones. In Class: The pitches of the melody are high, there are many pitches from low to high. There are three layers of pitches making every layer sound distinct. the music becomes more intense and it is like my adrenaline increasing to an intense point. Rite of Spring, I. Stravinsky Dynamics is soft (piano) and crescendo to forte and return to piano and it creates a sense of softness introducing the pure awakening of spring. There is a dynamic accent that is a forte, it comes at different times and it makes me nervous as if a tribal ritual will occur. The use of layers of soft and then loud creates a fore ground and background that gives me a very frightening feeling. Loengrin, Wagner Brass instruments but there is a back round of other instruments that are accompanying the piece of music. There is a contrast between the beginning, middle, and end of the song. It creates a mood that varies because of the dynamics. The brass instruments have a different tone color. They are loud and dominant. The woodwind instruments have a different effect then the brass instruments. When the brass comes in it changes our mood. The end of the song sounds scary but truly ends off with a happy ending. The Dynamics play a major role in the piece you hear, the pitch ranges in this song also the mood I feel listening to this is romantic and having a good time. However towards the end I feel a little tension and scared. Take the A train, Stray horn There seems to be a contrast in the rhythm and beat over and over. I hear the piano in the beginning however at the middle I hear the sax and other instruments accompanying. Then all at once all the instruments play. This type of music puts me in a dancing mood however back in the 1960's it is. The duration seems to be changing from loud to soft but it does end with a deep soft tone. 7/19 Listening Assignment #2 Britten, Young persons guide to the Orchestra It is fun to hear the sound of timbre in the piece. It sounds like an intense happiness or an awakening. The full orchestra was very exciting and the sounds separating on there own sounded like the same tune but a different tone color. The mood changed each time the instruments did. I think it was a full orchestra because all of them in the beginning and then only the instruments in the groups would play together. Ritual Melodies, Harvey The tone color began with the sound f bells beginning to crescendo and it sounded like a strong awakening. Another sound joined in and it sounded like a young child singing a single tune in the back round as if he were begging for some forgiveness. The flute then introduces the woodwind instruments that also begin to crescendo and it made the boys crying vibrate. Mara-Bihag There were two sounds that had two different ranges of pitch and dynamics and they were very pianissimo. It sounded like a person beginning to learn the string instruments for the first time. A string instrument being plucked with percussion in the back round. The string instrument is perhaps an electronic guitar. The percussion sounds like chimes are going back and forth. The chimes also sound like Xylophone. Song from Angola There are two tone colors. The first introduced was Drums, which introduced a solo of a mans voice, following a chorus and it made me feel like I was watching an African or Caribbean tribal dance. Percussion-drums are being played as a male is talking and another group is responding. We can clearly hear the drums being played. There was only one instrument being played. Hallelujah chorus from

Perjury by Police Officers essays

Perjury by Police Officers essays The law requires that one who takes the stand in a courtroom under oath tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, so help them God. These words are universally understood to mean that once one takes that oath they are expected to adhere to them the entire time they are on the witness stand in a court of law. While it is a wonderful concept and by and large rings true the court system is aware that it does not always happen. Perjury, the act of lying under oath on a witness stand, does occur and the court is charged with deciding who is doing it and what to do about it when it happens. People lie on stands for many reasons but it is usually for the purpose of getting someone out of trouble or keeping themselves out of trouble. There are penalties for this but they are not always pursued. The cost and time involved with seeing a perjury case to the end can be prohibitive. There is one instance however, where no stone should be left unturned, and cost should not be a factor. This is the case of perjury by police officers. While everybody is expected to play by the same rules in a court of law, it is imperative that police officers believe in, uphold and follow the rights set out by the constitution. If police officers are allowed to get away with perjury it starts a very slippery slope as to the ability by citizens to live freely within the guidelines of the United States Constitution. When police officers feel comfortable committing perjury on the stand it takes away the ability of the court system to operate. The officers are the agents who make the arrests, build the cases and present it to the court. While an individual may perjure himself or herself about the limited involvement that they are aware of regarding t...

History of Automatic Teller Machines or ATM

History of Automatic Teller Machines or ATM An automatic teller machine or ATM allows a bank customer to conduct their banking transactions from almost every other ATM machine in the world. As is often the case with inventions, many inventors contribute to the history of an invention, as is the case with the ATM. Keep reading to learn about the many inventors behind the automatic teller machine or ATM. Hole in the Wall Luther Simjian came up with the idea of creating a hole-in-the-wall machine that would allow customers to make financial transactions. In 1939, Luther Simjian applied for 20 patents related to his ATM invention and field tested his ATM machine in what is now Citicorp. After six months, the bank reported that there was little demand for the new invention and discontinued its use. Modern Prototypes Some experts have the opinion that James Goodfellow of Scotland holds the earliest patent date of 1966 for a modern ATM, and John D White (also of Docutel) in the US is often credited with inventing the first free-standing ATM design. In 1967, John Shepherd-Barron invented and installed an ATM in a Barclays Bank in London. Don Wetzel invented an American made ATM in 1968. However, it wasnt until the mid to late 1980s that ATMs became part of mainstream banking. Luther Simjian Luther Simjian is best known for his invention of the Bankmatic automatic teller machine or ATM. Born in Turkey on January 28, 1905, he studied medicine at school but had a life-long passion for photography. Simjians first big commercial invention was a self-posing and self-focusing portrait camera. The subject was able to look a mirror and see what the camera was seeing before the picture was taken. Simjian also invented a flight speed indicator for airplanes, an automatic postage metering machine, a colored x-ray machine, and a teleprompter. Combining his knowledge of medicine and photography, he invented a way to project images from microscopes and methods of photographing specimens under water. He moved to New York in 1934 started his own company called Reflectone to further develop his inventions. John  Shepherd Barron According to BBC News, the worlds first ATM was installed in a branch of Barclays in Enfield, North London. John  Shepherd Barron, who worked for the printing firm De La Rue was the chief inventor. In a Barclays press release, the bank stated that comedy actor Reg Varney, star of TV sitcom On the Buses, became the first person in the country to use a cash machine at Barclays Enfield on June  27, 1967. The ATMs were at that time called DACS for De La Rue Automatic Cash System. John  Shepherd Barron  was the managing director of De La Rue Instruments, the company which made the first ATMs. At that time plastic ATM cards did not exist. John Shepherd Barrons ATM machine took checks that were impregnated with carbon 14, a slightly radioactive substance. The ATM machine would detect the carbon 14 mark and match it against a personal identification number (PIN). The idea of a PIN was thought up by John  Shepherd Barron  and refined by his wife Caroline, who changed John’s six-digit number to four as it was easier to remember. John  Shepherd Barron  never patented his ATM invention instead he decided to try to keep his technology a trade secret. John  Shepherd Barron  stated that after consulting with Barclays lawyers, we were advised that applying for a patent would have involved disclosing the coding system, which in turn would have enabled criminals to work the code out. In 1967, a bankers conference was held in Miami with 2,000 members in attendance. John  Shepherd Barron  had just installed the first ATMs in  England and was invited to talk at the conference. As a result, the first American order for a John  Shepherd Barron  ATM was placed. Six ATMs were installed at the First Pennsylvania Bank in Philadelphia.   Don Wetzel Don Wetzel was the co-patentee and chief conceptualist of an automated teller machine, an idea he said he thought of while waiting in line at a Dallas bank. At the time (1968) Don Wetzel was the Vice President of Product Planning at Docutel, the company that developed automated baggage-handling equipment. The other two inventors listed on the Don Wetzel patent were Tom Barnes, the chief mechanical  engineer  and George Chastain, the electrical engineer. It took five million dollars to develop the ATM. The concept first began in 1968,  a working prototype  came about in 1969 and Docutel  was issued  a patent in 1973. The first Don Wetzel ATM was installed in a New  York-based  Chemical Bank. Note: There are different claims to which bank had the first Don Wetzel ATM, I have used Don Wetzels own reference. Don Wetzel on the first ATM installed at the Rockville Center, New York Chemical Bank from  a NMAH  interview: No, it wasnt in a lobby, it was actually in the wall of the bank, out on the street. They put a canopy over it to protect it from the rain and the weather of all sorts.  Unfortunately, they put the canopy too high and the rain came under it. One time we had water in the machine and we had to do some extensive repairs. It was a walkup on the outside of the bank. That was the first one. And it was a cash dispenser only, not a full ATM... We had a cash dispenser, and then the next version was going to be the total teller (created in 1971), which is the ATM we all know today takes deposits, transfers money from checking to savings, savings to checking, cash advances to your  credit card, takes payments; things like that. So they didnt want just a cash dispenser alone. ATM Cards The first ATMs were  off-line  machines, meaning money was not automatically withdrawn from an account, as bank accounts were not then connected by a computer network to the ATM. Banks were at first very exclusive about who they gave ATM privileges to. Giving them only to  credit card  holders with good banking records. Don Wetzel, Tom  Barnes, and George Chastain developed the first ATM cards to have a magnetic strip and a personal ID number to get cash. ATM cards had to be different from  credit cards  (then without magnetic strips) so account information could be included.

The Christian Life Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Christian Life - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that throughout the scriptures, God is referred to as Holy and His holiness provides the motivation for sanctification – a process by which God has chosen to create a people for Himself. God is not only the â€Å"motivation for holiness, He is also the agent of holiness†. Since God is holy, He requires His children also to be holy and it is He who enables them to become holy with the help of the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit is therefore the sanctifying agent that enables believers to be transformed. It is of vital importance that believers cooperate with and obey the Holy Spirit to experience Christ like living. Even though the Holy Spirit empowers the believers, the transformation into Christ like living will not manifest unless they willingly surrender and cooperate with the leading of the Holy Spirit. This is important as the goal of every conversion is for believers to be transformed into the likeness of Christ. This is cl early stated in Romans 8:29 (New International Version) which says, â€Å"For those God foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his son, that he might be the firstborn among many brothers and sisters.† Holiness involves putting to death the sin nature which God has already sentenced to death on the cross and living the new life that is indwelt by the Holy Spirit. In the book of Romans, Paul introduces two aspects pertaining to holiness – justification or positional sanctification (Rom 1-5) and experiential sanctification (Rom 6-8). ... w he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his son, that he might be the firstborn among many brothers and sisters.† Holiness involves putting to death the sin nature which God has already sentenced to death on the cross and living the new life that is indwelt by the Holy Spirit.2 Thesis Statement Accepting the scriptural truth that a believer is united with Christ and has the power to walk the victorious Christian life by surrendering to the indwelling Holy Spirit is the key to be transformed into the image of Christ. Justification and Sanctification In the book of Romans, Paul introduces two aspects pertaining to holiness – justification or positional sanctification (Rom 1-5) and experiential sanctification (Rom 6-8). Justification is the legal title declaring that a believer is now holy and righteous and is accomplished by the believer simply placing their trust on the finished work of Christ at the cross, whereby God’s holiness and righteousness is imputed on the believer. Experiential sanctification is the process of being made holy to align with the new legal identity of the believer and is manifested by the believer’s surrender and obedience to the Holy Spirit. It is therefore an important aspect of God’s redemptive plan and the primary work He does to develop godly character in His people. Indwelling of the Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit is central to Paul’s theology. Throughout his writings, Paul emphasizes that the Holy Spirit is granted to all believers in Christ. He underscores that being a Christian is not just accepting certain truths about Christ but rather to have an indwelling of the Holy Spirit. This is clearly recorded in Rom 8:9 which reads, â€Å"You, however, are not in the realm of the flesh but are in the realm of the Spirit, if

Research - Phase 1 - Background and Literature Review Paper

- Phase 1 - Background and Literature Review - Research Paper Example The m-payment services provide the scope of maintaining a mobile wallet for using mobile money and mobile transfers. The aspect of non-coin based transaction has a long historical background. After the use of plastic money in financial transactions through the use of debit cards, credit cards, etc., the technological applications have been used to develop the m-payment services. The launch of mobile phones has been rapidly accepted by the customers all over the world. The mobile phones and accessories have huge market shares in the developed as well as the developing economies (HUMPHREY, MOSHE and BENT, 2001, p.225). However, the developing countries have quickly adopted the m-payment services in comparison to developed countries like Australia in order to take opportunities of the worldwide business in the age of globalization. However, the m-payment services have now started to develop in the advanced economies like Australia with a difference from the models used in the developing countries. The reason for undertaking this research is to reveal the various factors that have led to the adoption of the m-payment services in Australia. The divergence of the m-payment model adopted in Australia explains the appropriateness of the various types of m-payment services in Australia that have appealed the customers to use the electronic payment services. The research work is important as the previous research studies on m-payment services have not addressed the areas of divergence in the m-payment model used in Australian markets. The research contributes to provide useful insights to the business entities for promoting the m-payment services to the customers in order to be in the same line with the changes in the Australian markets. The findings of the research also provide recommendation to the customers on the

Fishbone Diagram Essay Example for Free

Fishbone Diagram Essay Fishbone diagram allows Hotel Escargo to turn the problem upside down working through the roots so that the issue is fixed. It is also easier to fix the smaller problems that lead to the main problem. Looking at the check-in delays, there are a lot of small issues that have led to this occurrence. The first issue is computer malfunctions. Often times, computers tend to freeze due to glitches in the used software causing them to lose customers entering information. This issue causes customers not to get their room which is a check-in delay. Another issue is not having valid and filed credit cards. When checking in, some customers enter the hotel with credit cards that are either expired, maxed out, or not in service. This leads to customers not being able to check-in their room which is another check-in delay. Not having rooms prepared for guests because of a slow cleaning crew leads to check-in delays. Having no available bellmen due to them assisting other customers also leads to check-in time delays. This results from having a shortage of bellmen. Bad front desk service due to them being slow, unorganized, and having a shortage of workers leads to check-in delays. Last but not least, not having a pre-reserved room also leads to check-in delays because individuals have to go through the reservation process the day they try to get a room. If all of these issues are taken care of, check-in delays will be eliminated.

Essay --

Cruel and unusual punishment is banned in many countries, including the United States. It is a big argument if torture should be acceptable to use in certain situations for justice to prevail. There are pros and cons to this argument but using torture can be used to save lives and find out critical information. The definition of torture is the act of causing severe physical pain as a form of punishment or as a way to force someone to do or say something (Webster). There have been different hypothetical situations looking at using torture to get a positive end result and how it could be successful. There should be strict restrictions, rules and guidelines that go along with using torture as a means to justice. Pro torture is not meant to be used for just any circumstance, but when many people are in danger and questions are not being answered, a certain type of punishment like torture could solve the case/save many lives. Today, we have lots of technology and all sorts of devices to help get to the bottom of figuring out if someone is guilty or not. These devices can find o...

International Relations Glossary

A form of political organization under which a relatively homogeneous people Inhabits a sovereign state Sovereignty Denotes a single, supreme political decision-making authority. In early modern Europe the Monarch was the Sovereign. In modern states sovereignty tends to lie with the executive arm of government. A controversial term, sovereignty relies on authority, not power. That is, the sovereign claims the right or authority to decide matters of interest to the state, even if it cannot control everything that occurs within its territory. MedievalOf or relating to the period of European history from about A. D. 500 to about 1500. Feudalism Feudalism was the medieval model of government predating the birth of the modern nation-state. Feudal society is a military hierarchy in which a ruler or lord offers mounted fighters a fief (medieval beneficial), a unit of land to control in exchange for a military service. The individual who accepted this land became a vassal, and the man who gr anted the land become known as his liege or his lord. Individualism A social theory advocating the liberty, rights or Independent action of the Individual.Liberalism A political theory that prizes Individual freedom. It believes Individuals should be free to do as they please, without the interference of others. So long as they don not harm or limit the freedom of others. In IR it has tended to focus on the development of international law, the spread of democracy and the expansion of free trade, in which Emmanuel Kant is one of the leading theorists. Communitarian's A political theory that emphasizes individuals' attachments to the community in which they grew up.The communities in which we grow up are thought to be the resource of moral values. Communitarian's adopts the ethical position that a person's moral obligations are always first and foremost members of our own community and that they cannot be extended beyond that communities boundaries. Liberal Internationalism Woodrow W ilson, thus sometimes being referred to as Williamson'. Wilson suggested that the cause of instability and conflict was the â€Å"undemocratic nature of international politics†, particularly in regards to foreign policy and the balance of power.Having identified the cause of conflict, it is possible to suggest that the aims of Iberia internationalism are expanding democratic practices and free trade, defending democracy from its rivals while protecting and promoting human rights. Harmony of interests The idealist concept of the harmony of interests is based on the notion that human beings can rationally recognize that they have some interests in common, and that cooperation is therefore possible. Democratic Peace Theory The theory that democratic states do not fight war against each other.A good amount of empirical evidence has been collected indicating that war has never been fought teen two stable democracies. Closely associated with Michael Doyle. International Institution s International institutions be defined as relatively stable sets of related constitutive, regulative, and procedural norms and rules that pertain to the international system, the actors in the system (including states as well as non-state entities), and their activities. Interdependence The mutual dependence developed among states by utilizing new technologies and through the growth of international cross-border commerce. Communication and travel.A term used before globalization became popular. Anarchy The absence of rule or government. In international relations it does not mean disorder and chaos. Power Classically defined as the ability to get an actor to do what they would otherwise not do. This is power in the sense of domination or power over others. But power can also be thought of in terms of capability or power to do or act. Realist theories hold the belief that international relations are a constant struggle for power, usually defined by material terms. National Interest A notoriously plastic term that refers to the states foreign policy aims.The national interest is said to be the same regardless of the government in power, but different governments will hold different ideological agendas and priorities, meaning that national interest will change accordingly. Refers to a mechanism that operates to prevent one state from achieving such a preponderance of power that it is in a position to lay down and enforce the law over all such others. Central to realist theories, it can be viewed as the deliberate product of foreign policies, or as the unintended consequence of several states seeking to protect themselves.In any case, states align with others to counter-balance the growth in another's power, seeking to preserve international order and a degree of equilibrium. International Community vs. international system An international system exists when two or more states have sufficient contact with each other that they become conscious of existing in the same environment and conscious of the need to consider other states interests and capabilities in the pursuit of their own interests.Globalization The stretching and intensification of social and economic relations across the globe dad possible by new communication and computer technologies and advances in transport. It is thought by many to inaugurate an unprecedented degree of global interconnectedness, although some deny its novelty by pointing to similar levels of interdependence in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Still others criticism globalization for being a vehicle of inalienable theory. Non-state Actor An actor not part of the official state or governmental apparatuses.Non-governmental organizations Specializes not-for-profit non-state actors that seek to raise consciousness and hanged the activities of governments and populations on a variety of issues. Nooks have proliferated over the last century, advocating and lobbying on issues such as human rights, landmines, poverty, animal rights and the environment, among many others. Civil Society Simply refers to those who act in international politics but are not a member or representative of any particular state. Social Movements. Denotes some kind of collective action, driven by a particular set of social concerns and emerging from society at large.Modernity A modern way of thinking, working etc. The schism between domestic and international politics in international relations. The clash of civilizations The cause of conflict in the 21st century will not be political or economic, but cultural. Different cultures have different ways of organizing society and this will be the cause of conflict. He cites Western, Slavic Orthodox, Hindu, Islamic, Japanese, Latin America, African and Confucian as the main civilizations. Cosmopolitan Democracy Cosmopolitan democracy is a political theory which explores the application of norms and values of democracy at different levels, from global to local .It is about what global governance of the people, by the people, for the people can mean. Asian Century The dominant role that could be played by Asia in the 21st century, because of its growing economic clout and global demographic trends. â€Å"Asian Century† as a theme, has gained credence following the rapid economic growth of China and India since the asses, which has propelled them to the top ranks of the world's biggest economies Mercantilism The main economic system used during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries.The main goal was to increase a nation's wealth by imposing government regulation uncovering all of the nation's commercial interests. It was believed that national strength could be maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and maximizing exports. North-south gap The North-South divide is broadly considered a socio-economic and political divide. Generally, definitions of the Global North include the United States, Canada, developed parts of Europe, and Ea st Asia. The Global South is made up of Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia including the Middle East.Unilateralism An approach to economics and social studies in which control of economic factors is hefted from the public sector to the private sector. Drawing upon principles of neoclassical economics, unilateralism suggests that governments reduce deficit spending, limit subsidies, reform tax law to broaden the tax base, remove fixed exchange rates, open up markets to trade by limiting protectionism, privative state- run businesses, allow private property and back deregulation.Focuses on the interplay between political power and economic forces from the national through to the international and global level, whilst also taking account Based on liberal theories of economics, 1944 saw the meeting of 44 states at Breton Woods, where the new economic order was constructed and the multilateral institutions of the WEB, MIFF and GAIT were established.Hegemony Domination by a great power and its allies Washington Consensus This is the set of 10 policies that the US government and the international financial institutions based in the US capital believed were necessary elements of â€Å"first stage policy reform† that all countries should adopt to increase economic growth. At its heart is an emphasis on the importance of macroeconomic stability and integration onto the international economy – in other words a neo-liberal view of globalization.Rationalization The process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions. One of the more obvious examples of rationalization is the division of a nation into states or provinces. 1951 Refugee Convention The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees is the key legal document in defining who is a refugee, their rights and the legal obligations of states. UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an international document that states Asia rights and f undamental freedoms to which all human beings are entitled.Negative Rights and Positive Rights Positive Rights are rights that can only be enjoyed through positive intervention on the part of government, often linked to the idea of freedom to', whilst negative rights are rights that are enjoyed by virtue of the inactivity of others, particularly government, and are often seen as freedoms from'. Resurrections The application of values and theories drawn from European culture, to other groups or peoples, implying a biased or distorted viewpoint.

3d Tv Business Plan

Business plan of 3D TV Executive summery LOGO[pic] 1. Problem: 3D TV market in China has great potential, but Chinese brands and foreign brands in terms of product quality and functionality,they are still a certain gap. What is the opportunity? Estimated 2013 flat-panel TV consumer demand of 42 million units, of which 20 million units of demand for 3D TV, smart TV demand 800 million units. Consumer demand will return to the essential characteristics of the TV – picture quality and sound effects; 3D channel launch volume growth accelerated 3D Smart TV scale.Has not yet appeared on the market directly by the 2D signal into 3D signal TV 2. Solution: Create a brand for innovative 3D TV market in China. shui is the newest high-tech product, movie technology brought right to your living room, 3D effects to bring you the visual impact you can enjoy anytime, anywhere. If you want to see the common chanel , just change the signal to finish the transfert by 3D-2D. 3. Market facing fulfi lling demand advantage From consumer groups, the average age of 3D TV consumption is becoming younger.To the age of marriage for young people will be more and more, they are the main purchaser of goods, all around us, you can see that they desire to buy the TV before marriage, but is missing in the second-tier cities such as Chongqing, Jinan, Hangzhou 3D television propaganda, in the second-tier cities, such as shopping malls, relatively speaking inside the 3D TV can not meet consumer multi-faceted, multi-selection requirements. I precisely for their needs and the setting up of the project, at the same time, the majority of manufacturers have also noticed that.Changhong, Konka, Hisense and other vendors . 4. Product with potential commercial value The main body of the project is to build a high, medium and low-grade TV. Required to achieve the purpose: to meet the vast majority of consumer demand for 3D TV. TV has great profit margins, very attractive terms from the manufacturers, m erchants. Enterprises have power, market demand naturally easily from share part of the profits, part of the relatively solid profit. 5. Our company?We will build two manufacturing plants in Zhejiang, to build our R & D base and the company is located in Hangzhou, the plant scale probably need about 50,000 square meters, fifteen thousand more than a thousand employees, the company has a chairman and general manager,R & D Director, financial Director, sales Director, human Resources Director, logistics Officer, plant department manager. 6. Group Prisident : zhang weizhong – training / EMBA + Entrepreneur . Hongyu – experience / sales managers in SUNING. Coodinator developpment product GUOMEI in ShangHai. The business profile 1. Description of my businessH2O Corporation is a Chinese multinational electronics company headquartered in ruian Zhejiang, China,which is 100 km northeast of the wenzhou. H2O is a China ‘s first self-developed 3D TV technoloy company, we not only sell our products to the market, to output our product philosopy : Innovation and change our lives! In addition, we will also build our own sales outlet based in the Pearl River Delta region, to establish a national entity with network the trinity-marketing standards mode. 2. Market and customer The concept of 3D TV launch time is not very long, but in the 1980s began to study abroad.Japan's Panasonic and Sony invested heavily in higher technological content of products in this study. Currently on the market there are a lot of the concept of 3D TV, the effect is less obvious than ordinary liquid crystal effect. The main reason is really 3D resources, many movies and TV shows 3D sense is not very strong; another TV product technology is not as advertised or we imagine that there is a strong sense of three-dimensional. The actual market share about 10% to 20%, and consumer groups are mainly concentrated in the cities and the high-spending families.Future production with the larg e number of 3D films and television programs, 3D TV will be the rapid development of the market share will average 80% -120% of the rapid growth of 3D TV on the market in 2015 is expected to account for 45-60% of the market share. Means that 12-18% of Chinese households will have 3D TV by 2015 †¦ From a technical point of view, has a self-luminous, wider color gamut, color is more real and natural, more levels of detail, the inherent advantages of the 1080 line dynamic clarity, soft eye Plasma TV can better show the 3D image effect.The domestic color TV market, market sales of the top five are domestic brands, totaled 66. 02 percent share. Which Konka TV retail volume market share of 14. 27%. LCD TV sales, made eight brands in volume accounted for 70. 06 percent of the market share. Among them, Hisense ranked first in market share of 13. 18%. It is understood that, since the beginning of this year, foreign brands have launched two price war to try to impact on the domestic colo r TV market, but did not gain market advantage.The impact of foreign investment, but also indirectly promote domestic brands from Competition to Cooperation. Current market for our new company, is both an opportunity and also a challenge, and our market position is the position in which the competitors in the market for consumer products, the degree of attention strongly shape the enterprise product unique, gives the impression of a distinct personality or image, so that the product on the market to determine the appropriate location. We are not on a product itself, what to do and what to do, but in the minds of potential consumers.In other words, we need to determine an appropriate position in the minds of potential consumers to the product, and the positioning of our products in high quality, new technologies, and affordable. Our market positioning can be divided into a predetermined bit of re-positioning of existing products and potential products. The re-positioning of existing products may lead to a change of product name, price and packaging, but the purpose of these appearance changes in order to ensure that the products worth buying the image of the left in the minds of potential consumers.Pre-positioning of potential products, requires marketers must start from scratch to develop all of the 4Ps Features meets the selected target market. Conducting market positioning, on the one hand to understand the competitor's product with what characteristics, on the other hand to study the degree of attention of the consumers of the various properties of the product. Our consumers will first be targeted at: Fever type: is the pursuit of the latest technology, the latest product of a group of people, but a limited number of their new creation of the new invention is extremely interested in and willing to try the immaturity of the technology and products, even yourself involved in personality or to the manufacturers recommendations. †¢ Pioneer type: more visio n and pursuit of a group of people, a sensitive technologies, products, the willing nearing mature technologies and products to improve work efficiency and quality of life, walking in front of the most people.Our competitors Chinese brand: TCL,KONKA,HISENSE, CHANGHONG Foreign brand: SONY,SANSUNG,LG,TOSHIBA,SHARP [pic] [pic] Product Our Technology 3D TV-based competitiveness in the market, our company is also actively cooperate with the market demand, to the main 3D TV brand belongs to China, and our company's core technology is the use of advanced production technology, production of a kind in the 3Dbetween the signal and 2D signal conversion machine, it's very small size to install TV back of the motherboard.When people need to convert, just use the remote control to control it, this machine will then pass the signal to the monitor, the TV will start the conversion according to the instructions, the whole process takes only a minute. PRODUCT [pic][pic][pic] [pic][pic][pic] Competit ive Comparison Our products are unique in the existing market. While there are other TV companies,none use these technology to produce 3D TV as ours. Our ideas come from listening to what other consumers have to say. Financial projection [pic] Benchmark[pic] Profit yearly [pic] 1 Marketing et salesProduct positioning â€Å"One and the only one† At present, there is only one 3D television channel in china. Not only it does not broadcast all-weather, but also the audiences must pay more cost to receive it. In addition, these programs of 3D television channel in china always have broadcasted in the general channel and had no more attraction. In consequence, the 3D televisions in Chinese family just are the common television in usual except watching 3D DVD or playing 3D TV games sometimes, can not show the 3D visual effects. There is not any brand’s 3D television can change the situation right now.But the innovation of our 3D television breaks up the situation. Our 3D tele vision is the first and the unique 3D television can change the signal 2D from general television channel to 3D by itself in the world. The appearance of our 3D television is a revolutionary change for the 3D television’s market. Our 3D television is the one and the only one product in the market. Make a price From the report of the Chinese 3D television’s market in April 2012(resource: http://big5. askci. com/news/201205/31/311653860124. shtml ), we will analyze and make sure our main product and its price.From the 3D television’s screen size, the large screen size 3D television is a mainstream product which is all over 20% by the consumer attention of screen size for 42 inch, 46 inch and 55 inch. The 46 inch screen size is the most popular. Proportion of top three concerns is more than 70%, showing the popularity of large screen size 3D television. [pic] In April 2012, China 3 d LCD TV market mainstream size product attention proportional distribution (Source: ZDC) From the price of a product, 5001-8000 RMB price segment 3D television has been in most of the concerns of consumers, concerned about the ratio reached 34. %, 3001-5000 RMB has also attracted the attention of consumer more than twenty percent. [pic] In April 2012, China 3 d LCD TV market price of different period of product attention proportional distribution (source: ZDC) Compare the current average price of the main dimensions of the 3D TV market in China, in addition to 46 and 55 inches and larger products, other dimensions of 3D TV price in 10000 RMB within. 42 and 47 inches from the Chinese local brands and LG, while 40 and 46 inches from Samsung, Sony, Sharp and other manufacturers, so their price is relatively high. [pic]In august 2011, size of 3D in Chinese TV market’s product average price(source: ZDC) From different brand, the foreign’s brands, such as: Samsung, LG, Sony, Sharp†¦, occupy the most of high-end market and the super large size 3D telev ision’s market (plus 52 Inch); the Chinese’s brands, such as: TCL, Hisense, Konka, Changhong, Skyworth†¦, occupy the most of low-end market. Normally, the price of foreign’s brands ‘3D televisions are made mostly triple than the Chinese’s brands‘3D televisions in the same size. We will take an example of the price of the most popular screen size 46 Inch in different brands: |Samsung |LG |Sony | |Land rent |? 3,000,000 |? 3,000,000 |? 3,000,000 | |Office rent |? 500,000 |? 500,000 |? 500,000 | |construction |? 2,000,000 |? 100,000 |? 100,000 | |Raw Materials |? 10,000,000 |? 12,500,000 |? 15,000,000 | |Equipment |? 0,000,000 |? 100,000 |? 500,000 | |salary |? 35,000,000 |? 38,000,000 |? 30,000,000 | |Advertisement |? 10,000,000 |? 8,000,000 |? 5,000,000 | |Research |? 10,000,000 |? 10,000,000 |? 10,000,000 | |Current funds |? 10,000,000 |? 10,000,000 |? 10,000,000 | |Insurance |? 1,000,000 |? ,000,000 |? 1,000,000 | |Other |? 2,000,000 |? 2,000,000 |? 2,000,000 | |Total |? 113,500,000 |? 85,200,000 |? 77,100,000 | In the second year and third year, the investment demand will gradually decrease. With the improvement of the profit, this plan calls for the bank loans to be repaid in the third year, these personal investments will be shared out bonus at the end of years according to the 20% of the investment. Risk prevention Possible risk and solution Risk: same industry competitors? Like every new company, new brand enter the fiercely competitive market at the very start, we must meet the strong competition counterparts to stop us to gain market share, such as: the others brands’ products significantly depreciate sales promotion, negative campaigning from the others brands’ and they will stand together to threat the dealers stop supplying their products if the dealers sell our products.Solution: So we must make a right price and reinforce the market communication to get market recognition and enough consum ers as soon as possible, thereby to enter the market and seek more development opportunities. Risk: material purchase? Suppliers casually raise prices of raw and processed materials Solution: As far as possible to expand purchase channels, compare the suppliers based on the quality, price and credibility. Choose the best supplier and establish a stable supplier chain.Risk: environmental pollution? The environmental pollution principal means the scrap TV pollution. It has a lot of heavy metals harmful to humans. If casually discarded harmful substances as rainwater into the underground or like a garbage landfill incineration, these harmful substances will stay here for a long time in the natural and the destruction of the ecological environment, and may at any time through a number of channels to enter the inside of the human body, so as to endanger human health.Solution: We will install a specialized decomposition of the old TV production line imported from Japan . ——à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Looking at the changes in the market, to fully grasp the pulse of the market, coldly towards market competition, the courage to challenge, ebullient, make their own taste and style, to create first-class brand —-slogan _____ zhang weizhong chairman

Ethnicity and Class in Ethiopia essays

Ethnicity and Class in Ethiopia essays Cultural and ethnic diversity is extremely rich throughout all of Africa, The African continent is comprised of thousands of ethnic groups, class structures, and more than seventy mother spoken languages. The class concept is defined as a group of individuals who share a common status in society based on cultural, political, or economic position in the productive process of society (Schrader 147). Several of the ethnic groups are broken down into sub-group identities and loyalties based on kinship or age-set. Ethnicity, which is a sense of collective identity by which people perceive themselves as sharing a common historical past and a variety of social norms and customs, played a major role in the development of Ethiopia (Schrader 147). Class and Ethnicity, among a host of other elements such as education, played a major role in the impact of the relationships between males and females, the roles of elders and other age groups, as well as legitimate forms of governance and the proper means of resolving conflict. Class and ethnicity emerged as the most important factors in the social and political dynamics of the Ethiopian Revolution. A unique feature of Ethiopian society was the existence of well0defined essentially pre-capitalist social classes. Class draws on the Marxist theory and focused on economic position in the productive process of society. There was no other African country like Ethiopia, with its 2000-year-old institution of monarchy, semi-autonomous provincial nobility, and millions of downtrodden peasants. The Marxist though that all capitalist societies could be divided into a property-owning class who dominated society and exploited property, and a lower working class who were forced to accept poor jobs and unsafe working conditions. Social classes and ethnic groups were beginning to emerge with the impact of the economic changes under way and with the creation of small modern agricultural sectors and...

Martin Thembisile (Chris) Hani, South African Activist

Martin Thembisile (Chris) Hani, South African Activist Chris Hani (born Martin Thembisile Hani; June 28, 1942–April 10, 1993) was a charismatic leader in the African National Congress (ANC) militant wing (uMkhonto we Sizwe or MK) and the secretary-general of the South African Communist Party. Considered a threat to both the extreme-right wing in South Africa and the new, moderate leadership of the African National Congress, his assassination had a significant impact on his countrys transition from apartheid. Fast Facts: Martin Thembisile (Chris) Hani Known For:  South African activist, chief of staff of uMkhonto we Sizwe, and secretary-general of the Communist Party whose assassination was pivotal in South Africas transition from apartheidAlso Known As:  Chris HaniBorn:  June 28, 1942 in Comfimvaba, Transkei, South AfricaParents: Gilbert  and Mary HaniDied:  April 10, 1993 in Dawn Park, Boksburg, South AfricaEducation: Matanzima Secondary School at Cala, Lovedale Institute, University of Fort Hare, Rhodes UniversityPublished Works:  My LifeSpouse: Limpho HaniChildren: Nomakhwezi, Neo, and LindiweNotable Quote: My studies of literature further strengthened my hatred of all forms of oppression, persecution and obscurantism. The action of tyrants as portrayed in various literary works also made me hate tyranny and institutionalised oppression. Early Life Martin Thembisile (Chris) Hani was born on June 28, 1942 in the small, rural town of Comfimvaba, Transkei. He was the fifth of six children. His father, a migrant worker in the Transvaal mines, sent what money he could back to the family in Transkei. His mother worked on a subsistence farm to supplement the family income. Hani and his siblings walked 25 kilometers to school each weekday and the same distance to church on Sundays. Hani was a devout Catholic and became an altar boy at the age of 8. He wanted to become a priest, but his father would not give him permission to enter the seminary. Education and Politicization When Hani was 11 years old, the South African government introduced the Black Education Act of 1953. The act formalized the segregation of black schooling and laid the foundation for Bantu Education and Hani, at a young age, became aware of the limitations that the apartheid system imposed on his future: [T]his angered and outraged us and paved the way for my involvement in the struggle. In 1956, at the start of the Treason Trial, he joined the African National Congress (ANC)- his father was already a member of the ANC. In 1957 he joined the ANC Youth League. One of his teachers at school, Simon Makana, may have influenced this decision. Hani matriculated from Lovedale High School in 1959 and went to university at Fort Hare to study modern and classical literature in English, Greek, and Latin. Hani is said to have identified with the plight of Roman commoners suffering under the control of its nobility. Fort Hare had a reputation as a liberal campus, and it was here that Hani was exposed to the Marxist philosophy that influenced his future career. The Extension of University Education Act (1959) put an end to black students attending white universities (mainly the Universities of Cape Town and Witwatersrand) and created separate tertiary institutions for Whites, Coloured, Blacks, and Indians. Hani was active in campus protests over the takeover of Fort Hare by the Department of Bantu Education. He graduated in 1962 from Rhodes University in Grahamstown with a Bachelors degree in classics and English, just ahead of being expelled for political activism. Exploring Communism Hanis uncle had been active in the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA). The organization was founded in 1921 but had dissolved itself in response to the Suppression of Communism Act of 1950. Ex-Communist Party members had continued to operate in secret and then formed the underground South African Communist Party (SACP) in 1953. In 1961, after a move to Cape Town, Hani joined the SACP. The following year he joined uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the militant wing of the ANC. With his high level of education, he quickly rose through the ranks; within months he was a member of the leadership cadre, the Committee of Seven. Arrest and Exile In 1962, Hani was arrested for the first of several times under the Suppression of Communism Act. In 1963, having tried and exhausted all the possible legal appeals against conviction, he followed his father into exile in Lesotho, a small country landlocked within South Africa. Hani was sent to the Soviet Union for military training and returned to Africa in 1967 to take an active role in the Rhodesian bush war, acting as a political commissar in the Zimbabwe Peoples Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA). Work With Zipra ZIPRA, under the command of Joshua Nkomo, operated out of Zambia. Hani was present for three battles during the Wankie Campaign (fought in the Wankie Game Reserve against Rhodesian forces) as part of the Luthuli Detachment of combined ANC and Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU) forces. Although the campaign provided much-needed propaganda for the struggle in Rhodesia and South Africa, in military terms it was a failure. The local population frequently informed on guerrilla groups to the police. In early 1967, Hani made a narrow escape into Botswana, only to be arrested and detained in prison for two years for weapons possession. Hani returned to Zambia at the end of 1968 to continue his work with ZIPRA. Rising in the ANC, MK, and the SACP In 1973 Hani transferred to Lesotho. There, he  organized  units of the MK for guerrilla operations in South Africa. By 1982, Hani had become prominent enough in the ANC to be the focus of several assassination attempts, including at least one car bomb. He was transferred from the Lesotho capital of Maseru to the  center  of the ANC political leadership in Lusaka, Zambia. That year he was elected to the membership of the ANC National Executive Committee, and by 1983 he had been promoted to political commissar of the MK, working with student recruits who joined the ANC in exile after the  1976 student uprising. When dissident ANC members, who were being held in detention camps in Angola, mutinied against their harsh treatment in 1983–1984, Hani had a part in the uprisings suppression. Hani continued to rise through the ANC ranks and in 1987 he became the chief of staff of the MK. During the same  period,  he rose to senior  membership  of the SACP. Return to South Africa After the unbanning of ANC and SACP on February 2, 1990, Hani returned to South Africa and became a charismatic and popular speaker in townships. By 1990 he was known to be a close associate of Joe Slovo, the secretary-general of the SACP. Both Slovo and Hani were considered dangerous figures in the eyes of South Africas extreme right: the Afrikaner Weerstandsbewging (AWB, Afrikaner Resistance Movement) and the Conservative Party (CP). When Slovo announced that he had cancer in 1991, Hani took over as secretary-general. In 1992, Hani stepped down as chief of staff of uMkhonto we Sizwe to devote more time to the  organization  of the SACP. Communists were prominent in the ANC and the Council of South African Trade Unions, but were under threat- the collapse of the Soviet Union in Europe had discredited the movement  worldwide. Helping the SACP Rise Hani campaigned for the SACP in townships around South Africa, seeking to redefine its place as a national political party. It was soon doing well- better than the ANC in fact- especially amongst the young. The youth had no real experiences of the pre-apartheid era and no commitment to the democratic ideals of the more moderate Mandela and his cohort. Hani is known to have been charming, passionate, and charismatic and he soon attracted a cult-like following. He was the only political leader who seemed to have influence over the radical township  self-defense  groups that had parted from the authority of the ANC. Hanis SACP would have proved a serious match for the ANC in the 1994 elections. Assassination On April 10, 1993, as he returned home to the racially mixed suburb of Dawn Park,  Boksburg  near Johannesburg, Hani was assassinated by  Janusz  Walus, an anti-Communist Polish refugee who had close links to the white nationalist AWB. Also implicated in the assassination was Conservative Party member of parliament Clive Derby-Lewis. Legacy Hanis death came at a critical time for South Africa. The SACP had been on the brink of attaining significant status as an independent political party, but it now found itself bereft of funds (due to the Soviet collapse in Europe) and without a strong leader- and the democratic process was faltering. The assassination helped persuade the bickering negotiators of the Multi-Party Negotiating Forum to finally set a date for South Africas first democratic election. Walus and Derby-Lewis were captured, sentenced, and jailed shortly after the assassination- within six months. Both were sentenced to death. In a peculiar twist, the new government (and constitution) that they had actively fought against, caused their sentences to be commuted to life imprisonment because the death penalty had been ruled unconstitutional. In 1997 Walus and Derby-Lewis applied for amnesty through the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) hearings. Despite their claims that they were working for the Conservative Party, and therefore the assassination had been a political act, the TRC effectively ruled that Hani had been assassinated by right-wing extremists who were apparently acting independently. Walus and Derby-Lewis are currently serving their sentence in a maximum-security prison near Pretoria. Sources Hani, Chris. My Life. South Africa Communist Party, 1991.The OMalley Archives.  The Death of Chris Hani:  An African Misadventure.

Qatar Leadership Centre's programme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Qatar Leadership Centre's programme - Essay Example The researcher states that with the diverse backgrounds and competencies of the trainers and institutions involved in the Qatar Leadership Centre's programme, the researcher is very confident that by participating in the programme, he will get the opportunity to learn and build the competencies of a great financial leader not only for my employers but also for Qatar as an emerging international economic power. After attaining an international Masters' degree and working as a Senior Auditor for several years now, the researcher has built the basic skills and experience necessary to launch into an international accounting and finance career. The researcher however recognises that he will be more equipped for future challenges if he acquires leadership skills and competencies. These traits and abilities will enable me to get the best results for my organisation and the numerous stakeholders that my organisation will interact with. The Qatar Leadership Centre programme offers the necessa ry training and activities that will enable me to attain these core competencies that the researcher needs to succeed in his international career. The next five years, the researcher desires to acquire more experience in financial management and lecturing, further his education in finance and accounting and also build a socially responsible career. He hopes to do this by working in a world-class university that will enable him to work as an Accountant/Finance expert and also contribute his quota to the society by lecturing and nurturing the next generation of financial leaders. I therefore need some more leadership skills and abilities to influence the young up and coming in the best possible way to become responsible finance leaders in the future. I have also made preparations to complete the Certified Public Accountants (CPA) program in the next five years. This will enable me to gain more technical knowledge about accounting and finance on an international level. This will give m e the necessary qualification to learn about comparative international systems and structures and use that to support in the modelling of a good accounting system in Qatar. In practice, I would want to use my power as a financial manager/auditor to promote corporate social responsibility in my organisation and the wider society. I therefore plan to get some competencies in Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance matters to ensure this. I am strongly considering a postgraduate course in Corporate Social Responsibility to attain this end. Basically, I want to influence my work environment with best practices and effective decisions. I also seek to impart the knowledge I have accrued over the years to the next generation of finance leaders in Qatar and around the world. I also want to promote the institutionalisation of social responsibility in the corporate sector in Qatar. In my practice in the university environment, I once experienced a religious sectarian conflict that invo lved the top-ranked academics of the university and administrators. The issue was related to a policy that could adversely affect a certain social group in the university in terms of

Apply personel experiences to the text assigned and read Essay

Apply personel experiences to the text assigned and read - Essay Example Indeed, the broader aims and objectives of the education are to empower the students to make effective and rational choice in the personal and professional lives. While my personal experience has been contradictory to the ones portrayed by the authors, it has nevertheless, raised many pertinent questions regarding modern education system and the role of teachers, schools and environment. Does our education system really ensure equity amongst the emerging multicultural society and help equips the students with skills to make decisions based on informed choices? Gatto questions the validity of ‘schooling’ and questions whether ‘this deadly routine really necessary’? (71). Yes, it is necessary. It is key facilitating platform that provides one with the learning environment and routine so it could be promote wise use of it in one’s daily life. My father’s insistence on 100% attendance was but to inculcate a routine and an interest in the school activities. The school education helps us to utilize the knowledge gained in constructive manner to improve our lifestyle and living standard. My early education has remained the most significant part of life because it has taught me to explore new vista for improved results. I liked to engage in discussion with my peers and get new perspectives on issues and lessons taught in the class. The habit has become the strongest point of my character. The purpose of education is to exhort the students to apply informed choices in their decision making. Rose emphasizes that ‘through exceptional teachers†¦students learn to develop hypotheses and troubleshoot, reason through a problem, and communicate effectively - the true job skills’ (91). Indeed, good teachers are able to effectively tap the potential of the students. My personal experience corroborates with his view because the very system has taught me to understand the changing social values and helped me to widen my horizon of

Summary of global report on conflict governance and state fragility Essay

Summary of global report on conflict governance and state fragility 2011 - Essay Example It is worth mentioning that the aspect of governance needs to be applied and developed for the purpose of settling any sort of conflict, occurring in the societal system (Marshall & Cole, 2011). Thus, these three dimensions are regarded as the major holistic approaches of the societal system. With this concern, this paper intends to provide a brief summary about the global report focused on the aspects i.e. conflict, governance and state fragility 2011. Summary One of the commonly observed matters in the global system is the rise of conflicts in the society. The emergence of such conflicts eventually results in causing the incidents associated with political violence. The trend of the conflicts has become a continuous process in the globalization period. From the mid 1950s, the wars have been increasing in this global world, especially after the Cold War. It can be apparently viewed in this similar concern that around 21 nations of the world have experienced conflicts in the year 201 1. A few of the issues linked with the rise of the conflicts were the extension of boundaries, terror of militants and also the reported cases relating to trafficking, production along with supply of drugs. One of the leading examples of those conflicts was the attack of LTTE in Sri Lanka (Marshall & Cole, 2011). ... The increased level of conflicts during the year 2011 had indicated a beginning in the form of posing unfavorable impact upon intra-state along with inter-state wars and humanitarian operations at large. In recent times, a gradual decline in the conduct of wars in the global world reveals the reduction of problems relating to conflict by a certain degree (Marshall & Cole, 2011). Autocracy and democracy are regarded as the major forms of governance. These forms can be utilized in the maintenance of social order in a society. In this similar concern, The Polity IV Project has marked the level of both these forms for each country by taking into concern the political situations that prevail in the nations. In relation to the autocratic system, the participation of the citizens is often viewed to be constrained due to various crucial factors. These factors might entail restrictions especially upon political participation, limitations in the application along with the execution of relevant guidelines or effective regulations and weaker checks imposed over executive power. While determining the trend of governance, it can be viewed that in the year 2011, only Qatar and Saudi Arabia were rated as fully autocratic nations throughout the globe (Marshall & Cole, 2011). A few of the autocratic nations of the world such as Gabon, Togo, Syria and North Korea have implemented the succession of dynasties in executive leadership for the purpose of forestalling succession crises. On the other hand, certain nations such as Taiwan, Mexico and Senegal have move towards democracy from autocracy form. The reasons for this might be the increasing desires of various political groups towards strengthening their respective positions, non-maintenance of

Achieving Competitive Advantage In The Biotechnology Sector Commerce Essay

Achieving Competitive Advantage In The Biotechnology Sector Commerce Essay Biotechnology can be generally defined as the use of living things to create products or to do tasks for human beings. Biotechnology or biotech is used in industry, medicine and agriculture to produce foods, medicine, and test for diseases and remove wastes. (Biotechnologyonline, n.d) As such, there are different types of biotech such as green technology, red technology, and white technology and Bio fuels. In this report, we will have an insight into each of these branches of biotech and use various analytical tools to evaluate how knowledge management is playing a role in creating competitive advantage for companies in the sector. In so doing, we shall look at the Green biotech, Red biotech, White biotech and bio fuel respectively. Green Biotechnology Green technology, otherwise known as plant or agricultural technology is a branch of biotechnology (biotech) which involves the introduction of foreign genes into economically important species, resulting in crop improvement and the production of novel products in plants. (123biotech, n.d.). To better understand the role of knowledge management in harnessing a competitive advantage in this branch of biotechnology, we will take Monsanto as case example. Monsanto is the worlds leading green technology company ahead of rival such as DuPont. (SmartMoney, 2009). The company specialises in breeding (improving the genetic base through technology of crops thus increase yield and genetic engineering (by enhancing generic traits in crops such as insect resistance, herbicide tolerance and drought-tolerance). (SmartMoney, 2009 and Monsanto, n.d.) As with its sister braches such as bioinformatics, white technology(industrial biotechnology), red technology(pharmaceuticals) as well as biofuels, green technology and companies associated with it like Monsanto, are not left unscathed by critics. For instance, Monsanto and its counterpatrs , through its use of plant technology has been criticised of endangering human, the environment and socio-economic.( Friends of the earth, 2006). Significance of Green Technology However, the following advantages are beign celebrated by its supporters: Protection of Crops: for instance, the AT-DBF2 gene from Arabidopsis Thaliana crop injected into plants to enable them withstands Osmotic stress such as drought, salt and stress. (PNAS, n.d.) Increase Crop yield: during the teething years of biotechnology in term of Genetically Modified Food, there has been a widespread criticism of GMO claiming that GM Crops do not increase crop yield, that on the contrary it, reduces it. (Truth about Trade and Technology, 2009). These claims were dismissed by the then USA president Jimmy Carter who stated that, responsible biotechnology is not the enemy; starvation is. (Biotechnology Industry Organisation, n.d.)His favourable stance towards green biotechnology because of organisms like the Bacillus Thuringiensis used to produce the BT-corn. Introduces in 1996, the Bt corn has the potential to simplify management and effectively control corn borers throughout the season thus increasing its yield. (College of Agriculture, n.d.) Improved Food Quality: an example of this was the invention of the Golden Rice by Prof Potrykus and Prof. Beyer of ETH-Zurich and University of Freiburg respectively. The Golden rice is believed to alleviate Vitamin A deficiency in young people especially in the developing world. (Golden Rice, n.d.) Another example is the Maltogenic Amylase used for Retardation of staling in baked food, such as bread and cakes. (Food and Agriculture Organisation, 1997) Having had an insight about how green technology functions, its pros and cons, it is now essential to discover how companies like Monsanto use knowledge management in harnessing and safeguarding innovation in order to create a sustainable competitive advantage against rivals like DuPont. Knowledge Management as a competitive advantage vehicle. To understand the role knowledge management in achieving competitive advantage for biotech companies such as Monsanto, lets apply the Resource-Based View of strategy coined by Grant (1991citied in Henry, 2008). This analysis seeks to analyse how a company exploits its resources to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage against its rivals in the industry. (Henry, 2008) A resource-based view of strategy analysis Consumer Confidence, First Mover Advantage, Tap blue Oceans, CAPABILITY Fund expensive RD, New Product Development RESOURCES Finances, Experts, Human Capital COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Knowledge power, Experience curve STRATEGY Differentiation (Grant 1991 cited in Henry 2008) Step 1: Resources: Biotech industries such as Monsanto go beyond the ordinary in Identifying and attaining young talent; because technology can easily be rendered obsolete, there is always the never-ending necessity to pool talent and innovate. Thus, biotech companies like Monsanto are in collaboration with renowned sciences universities like Truman State University to recruit outstanding students with sound sciences background. (Monsanto, n.d.).Furthermore, with their immense finance capability, they are able to fund and exploit these talents. Step 2: Capability: with their finance abilities, these biotech companies are able to fund rigorous Research and Development: Monsanto reported spend $2.6m dollars a day in research and development on how breeding and genetic engineering could develop corn, cotton and soybean seeds that yield more bountiful and nutritious crops and protect against bugs and weeds. (SmartMoney, 2009)This paids off has the company as been able to develop leading brands such as Acceleron, Roundup Ready,Asgrow and Yieldgard for plant resistance to osmotic stress as well as De Ruiter Seeds,Dekalb and Deltapine(Monsanto, n.d.) Step 3: Competitive Advantage: consequently, Monsanto is able to acquire a sustainable competitive advantage due to its ability to create Knowledge power and experience curve on producing competitive and fast selling products like its renowend leading brands like , Acceleron and Roundup Ready Step 4: Strategy: as a result, Monsanto adopt a differentiation strategy. This diferentiation strategy is typical of biotech companies with exception to biofuel companies as they end result; fuel, once drilled and refined is standard worldwide. Step 5: Bridging any resources Gaps: this calls for proactiveness from the part of the company as it involves identifying where the company is weak and formulating adequate strategy to address such weaknesses or resource deficeincies. For instance, tapping blue oceans or untouched markets to increase the companys economies of scale (Henry, 2008) Knowledge Protection in Biotech Use of copyright and licensing: to safeguard knowledge and innovation the company licenses seed germplasm or biotechnology traits to approximately 200 seed partners in the United States. (Monsanto, 2009) In summary, it can be argued that because of the level of technological innovation that occurs in the biotechnology such as green technology, its both a key and critical success factor for company to effectively and efficiently management knowledge by harnessing and protecting its knowledge thus maintain a competitive edge. This we have evaluated using the resourced-based view of strategy analysis coined by Grant (1991 citied in Henry 2008). Red Technology Introduction: The term biopharmaceutical means that developing medicines from using living cells, proteins and nucleic acids. None of the two biopharmaceuticals can be same. Over the past decade world has seen enormous development in this sector. Part 2. The Value Chain Procurement Technology Development Human Resource Management Firm Infrastructure Post Sales Service Inbound Logistics RD Production Marketing Sales MARGIN MARGIN Adopted from Micheal E. Porter Competitive Advantage: Creating and sustaining Superior Performance. (1985 p.37) A lot of researchers like Porter (1985, p36) Henry (2008, p103) have emphasized the importance and application of Value chain analysis. We can assess the strength and weaknesses of any biotechnology company by looking at its resources. It expresses important information about strategy and focus of a particular company. By identifying key focus areas, companies can concentrate in achieving competitive advantages. Biotech companies tend to elongate their value chains by getting into alliance with the business partners; this can either be done by incorporating the concept of upstream or downstream value. Henry (2008, p103) depicts the importance and benefits of adopting this strategy. By exploiting the resources of partners, a biotech company can maximize operational efficiency. This operational efficiency leads to achieve competitive advantage. Each industry sector is unique in terms of function. Biotechnology industry, mostly being a manufacturing industry always works differently as compared to a service industry because of the fact that primary and support activities vary from industry to industry. Porter (1985, 38-40) also supports this fact. Like most of other industries, knowledge management plays a vital role in biotechnology sector and is considered to be a primary activity. Prusak as cited in Young (2008, p5) states that knowledge management is all about the information that is in the brain of individuals as an asset and how it is used to leverage into corporate asset. In biotechnology, explicitly it can be transformed into a corporate knowledge paradigm. This idea is also supported by Gorelick, April and Milton. (2004). In biotechnology sector, even if you look at any sub-sector of biotechnology, industry innovation is the foremost weapon to achieve competitive advantage. Cooke and Mayes (1996, p.13-15) also established relationship of innovation and competition. This mean that by innovation biotech companies achieve competitive advantage and in turns get increased market shares with higher growth rates. The innovation is leading to new effective products thus enabling biotech companies to achieve competitive advantage. By looking at the value chain analysis of biotech industry we come to know that the most valued activity is innovation and knowledge management. That is why biotech companies invest heavily in research and development (RD). For biotech industry RD part of value chain is much more focused and valued. In biofuel, biofood and bioagri the value chain is more or the less same, but when we look at biopharmaceutical and bioinformatics, the value chain tends to alter itself a little bit. The activity that also affects biophrmaceuical is that the phase of clinical trial demands a lot of time, capital and management. Procurement Technology Development Human Resource Management Firm Infrastructure Post Sales Service Inbound Logistics RD Production Marketing Sales MARGIN MARGIN Clinical Trials A typical value chain for biopharmaceutical company. Knowledge is a scarce resource and that is why there are very few biotechnology companies in the market. Adopted from Tzokas, N. and Saren, M. By looking at the above figure it is clear that knowledge management is difficult to achieve. Companies transform their knowledge-based and skills-based information with equipment-based knowledge to create competitive advantage. Theses factors build an organizational culture of innovation and the stake holders like employee and customers force company to come up with new ideas We need to investigate about the potential contribution of each stakeholder-based knowledge pool to the strategic investments, plots and projections undertaken by the biotech firms. The long term development effort needs trust relationship from stockholders that the deliverable of RD can result in to a competitive advantage. This can be done by making multidimensional plans linking knowledge requirements and knowledge pools, thus evolving a knowledge space in which the strategic issues of the firm and its stakeholders can be positioned. As such knowledge space and associated distances can be used as navigational instruments for knowledge utilization. White Technology Biotechnology is now used as a very wide term, but we can say that in general term that it the use of organisms by human . In recent years and past also researchers all over the world got new techniques and ideas to develop biotechnology and changing the future. the most known invention of biotechnology is cloning of animal as well as of name. This amazing technology works at visual as well as molecular level. INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Industrial biotechnology is recognized everywhere in the world weather to prepare consumer goods, material, chemical.( www.liebertpub.com,12:04) Industrial Biotechnology is the premier forum for this critical field and the only publication bridging biotechnology RD with later-stage commercialization for all industrial and environmental applications . it include fooding items ,textiles, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and body care products and many other products which we use in our daily life. The growing companies in many countries are taking help of biotechnology. By this companies make promise to the public to deliver new and improved products to their customers. Industrial biotechnology is of two types red and white. Red technology is now ignored by the companies and very less companies are dedicated with white biotechnology. PEST ANALYSIS POLITICAL FACTORS The first and the foremost factor to go through in pest analysis is the political factor. Researchers has emphasizes a lot on this factor. One such researcher is Jobber (2007, p79) who is of the opinion that Political and Legal issues can influence marketing decisions by setting the rules by which business can be conducted. Union Laws, Collusion, Abuse of market dominance, acquisitions and mergers, state aid and national laws are few of the political factors that reshape the companies. This factor includes all the political effects which affect the company or an organization. In some business political issues are much higher than any other companies but in case of industrial biotechnology government supports it and make policies to amend it or to improve it so that the future of a country can get improved and standard of living can be increased. All those organizations which do experiments on different methods of industrial biotechnology, government gives rebate from taxes pass legislations and create new departments to look at their working procedures. Strong legislation makes the Through legislation biotech companies are getting their products and processes patented. The biotech companies usually invest heavily in RD and come up with innovative products; these deliverables are end result of knowledge management. By getting the patent biotech companies make sure that their intellectual property right is secured and hence they achieve competitive advantage as no other company can imitate that. In the case of biopharmaceutical, the main governing body is FDA (Foods and Drugs Administration, USA). FDA ECONOMIC FACTOR Economic environment is the second most important factor in PEST analysis. Factors that affect consumer buying power and spending patterns Kotler et al (1999, p158) As evident from the various researchers, monetary policy, interests and exchange rates, income distribution, change in purchasing power, change in spending patterns, availability and rising cost of energy, labor and raw material has lead to significant changing in business world. World economy is in recession, so is the case of UKs. Unemployment ratio has gone up; peoples purchasing power is going down with a less savings. People are naturally focused more on spending towards necessities. Incomes are low. In this case consumer will move toward those products which saves their money and bio-products are one of those products which are cheap and reusable without damaging the envoirment and causing pollution. Envoirment issues are to be considered when it comes to shopping point of view and traveling. Legislation Banerjee, (1998) as cited in Charter and Polonsky (1999, p31), states that The threat of tougher legislation and the rising costs of complying with environmental regulations are possible motivating factors for firms to incorporate environmental concerns in their strategies. Tougher legislation can affect a firm in two ways: first the cost of compliance becomes prohibitive, second, legislation can require substantial changes in product or package design or distribution channels. (Taking back used thing) Public Concern Another important reason for firms to develop an international orientation and strategy is the rise in public concern for the environment. There are literally hundreds of opinion polls on the environment conducted in Europe, Asia and USA. Charter and Polonsky (1999, p32) The need to maintain a good public image and respond to public concerns can lead to firms adopting corporate environmentalism. Charter and Polonsky (1999, p33) Need for competitive advantage There are numerous cases where the installation of new environmentally friendly technologies has reduced costs for firms Charter and Polonsky (1999, p35) Social factors Social / cultural factors include Demographics forces, World Population growth, Age distribution, household structures and social factors. According to Kotler et al (1999, p153) the European and American societies are evidencing huge demographic shifts. Technological Factors Kotler et al. (1999, p165) Forces that create new technologies, creating new product and market opportunities. Those companies which have good knowledge about the new products can develop those and can attract new and existing customers. By this method apart from new technology awareness among public will also able to increase. Companies with better knowledge will develop new products in order to spread awarness among all sectors of consumers. Bibliography? Biofuels Introduction Biotechnology Biotechnology is the use of biological processes, organisms, or systems to manufacture products intended to improve the quality of human life. Biotechnology is an important innovative tool to attain The target the various levels example Bio fuels Bio informative, Bio medics, agriculture Biotechnology proficiency can serve to increase biomass yield, improve crop quality, and convert agriculture waste into bio fuels. (whatistechtarget n.d) Bio fuel It is also knows as agro fuel, these fuels are mainly derived from Biomass or Bio waste. Its often derived from plants and animals. Bio fuel is used faster growing modern technology for transporting sector. Liquid form of fuel is required for most vehicles is this convenient for storage and delivery, hence the bio mass is converted to liquid form. Bio fuel plays a virtual role in modern fuel manufacturing as they are renewable source of energy. Ethanol is the most commonly used Bio fuel in the world particularly in Brazils and largest exporters Asia, Europe and America are the some major producer of bio gases Lleading fuel companies like Bps and Shells company they involved in research and development in bio fuels. (biofuel,n.d) Generic strategies Porters alter the system by reducing its down to three best strategies. Overall Cost leadership Differentiation strategies Focus strategy strategies Overall cost leadership: A firm produced standard product by low cost and also take responsibility of economic scale and experience curve effect. market share is advantage. Differentiation strategies: A company is aimed at broad market. the product must some special feature like advance technology, brand image, etc Focus strategies: In this focus strategies a firm concentrated in market and particular group of consumer. (Reference) Overall cost leadership ? Bio fuel are the cheapest form of fuel you can ever get they dont need big investment in new distribution system but just the basic establishing plant is enough to produce them bio fuel mostly involves in long term investment. Hence Initial investment is very crucial. Its been assessed that share holders all over the world show keen interest in investing huge amount of money in this upcoming promising sector. Differentiation strategies? Bio fuel is renewable source of energy unlike others fuels they have less emission of air pollutants. Hence they are environment friendly; they are very low cost so they can match all the price of leading fuels. The impact of Hybrid cars and green cars with play a massive role in decreasing global warming. Focus strategies? Bio fuel industry will create a big employment opportunities all over the world and helps the countrys economy to develop as well. They provide jobs at all levels even form farmers to scientists. This industry has been welcomed by all countries and they are trying to be innovative to improve this sector all over the world. Most government offer discount and tax reduction on green cars thus encouraging people to buy them. This difference makes the bio fuel market to be more competitive in the fuel market. In forward planning about the global warming all nation now concentrate on bio fuel as they play a vital role in helping to control the pollution. APPLICATION OF PORTERS THEORY TO BIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY Biotech industry has a varied range of applications like in agriculture, molecular biology, health care, pharma sector, chemical industry, environment related and so on. Porters five forces theory helps us to understand and interpret the business processes. This knowledge can be translated to gain a competitive edge over the competitors. This theory is also used to assess the profits that can be generated in the proposed business scenario or the services or products. According to this theory, the five forces that decide the competitive power of the firm in the industry are as follows, Threat of new entrants In the biotech industry, intellectual property is the most important asset. The firms in this industry are heavily dependent on funding to sustain the research and development activities. And very negligible revenue is generated by the firm till the product is developed. So finance is one of the major barrier that keeps away new entrants from the industry. Another barrier that deters the new entrants is the want of specialized knowledge in the area of research or development. Patent rights and proprietary rights also act as barriers to some extent. In some cases where knowledge and patent rights are easily overcome, many small players come into the picture. Although entry is easy for smaller companies, sustenance would be very difficult in this industry. Suppliers As discussed earlier, intellectual property is the most important asset in this industry. The biotech firms usually do not heavily rely on the suppliers. The tools, kits, equipment, chemicals and all other requirements are highly specialized. However small companies who either fail to explore new channels of distribution or who cannot afford the traditional channels of distribution, are at a loss, as they are compelled to enter into marketing alliances. Buyers The power of buyers is not uniform throughout the biotech arena. Earlier, the pharma companies were not affected by the buyers as the customers did not have or had a very little say about the product. The pharma companies had marketing alliances with the hospitals, pharmacists and agents. So the buyer power was less. In case of firms where the major purchasers are the governments or the hospitals, the buyers are strong. But now the health care companies, insurance companies and common man have entered the arena. The increasing price sensitivity of this new group of buyers is forcing the biotech companies to cut the prices and therefore the profit margin is becoming less. In addition to this, governments in some developing countries are pressurizing the biotech companies to take some social responsibility. ( as in the case of providing vaccines for epidemics at an economical price.) So there is a clear shift and the buyers power is increasing. Substitutes The availability of substitutes also depends on the kind of bitech firm/product. If the knowledge and patent rights are not properly protected, the investment in Research and Development (R D) cannot be recovered. If the patent can be easily overcome, some other company can simply copy the formula/application to offer the product at a much cheaper price. So the formulae/knowledge are to be carefully guarded through patenting and Intellectual Property (IP) rights. In some cases, cheaper chemical product alternatives may be available to the sophisticated and more accurate biotech products. Rivalry The competition rivalry is too intense in the biotech industry. Market analysis shows that only 1% of the biotech firms manage to make a profit. Biotech industry is largely dominated by few large firms although there are hundreds of smaller companies. All the firms are struggling to translate their RD efforts into a breakthrough innovation/product. This innovation could potentially change the fate of the firm overnight. So the Intellectual Property is carefully guarded and the rivalry is extremely high in this industry. For example, In U.S, 82 % of biotech firms make 0 % profit, 76 % of firms have less than 50 employees and only 30 companies have more than 300 employees. Porters five forces theory certainly helps in understanding the pros and cons, the opportunities and threats in the business situation. This theory definitely aids in evolving a business strategy. but this theory may not be of great help in assessing the degree of ease or difficulty or profitability in dealing with the business situation. In this context, this theory does not consider the following strategic influences like, Industry merges and acquisitions have become the norm of the day and the consequences of such deals cannot be assessed and is not taken into consideration. Research and innovation has the potential to dramatically change the face of the industry. As new discoveries/innovations occur, many new threats/opportunities spring up. This makes the biotech industry a highly vulnerable one. This aspect is left out by the theory.